明辨“是非”,巧排“干扰”

  由于七选五有两个选项是多余的,而根据历年高考试题的命题规律来看,命题人也不是无的放矢,随意编造两个干扰项。通常而言,五道题中,其中有三道题的选项比较容易锁定,这也就意味着剩下的两个空格就会是这两个干扰项的目标,因此对于考生而言,能否明辨“是非”,排除“干扰”就是决定这道题的整体得失的关键了。通过对近三年的全国卷高考试题研究,我们大致可以从考点设置和句式特点这两个角度来辨识干扰项的特征,揭开它的神秘面纱,最终排除干扰,提高解题的准确率。

  一、从考点设置来看

  从考点设置来看,七选五的备选项通常可以分为主题句(文章整体内容)、过渡句(文章结构)、细节句(上下文逻辑意义)。那么针对这些考点设置的干扰项也就具备它相应的特征。其中,主旨句通常位于段首,而过渡句和细节句常位于段中或段尾,且其干扰项的设置又有异曲同工之妙,故我们可以把它们放在一起来突破。

  1. 主题句干扰项特征

  (1)过于宽泛,未能“正中靶心”

  [例1]2019年全国Ⅲ卷

  Dos

  37 Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教学大纲)and learning management system information to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight.

  B. Turn to an online instructor for help.

  D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.

  G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.

  根據Dos和Donts中各段首句的特点可知,设空处为主题句并且是祈使句,选项中有三个是祈使句。由设空处后一句中的关键词questions可知,这里是与“咨询、请教问题”有关。D选项“记住,在线教授会收到很多电子邮件”与后面内容毫无关系,易排除。选项B“向网络讲师寻求帮助”则太过宽泛,未能“正中靶心”,因为求助的方式有很多种,问问题只是其中一种,而且并没有概括出“怎么提问”这一要点。

  再进一步细读下文,Before asking questions...read...to be sure the answer isnt hiding in plain sight (问问题之前,要读读教学大纲等来确保答案不是隐藏在表层),也就是说,问问题要确保有深度,故选项G才正确。

  (2)偏离主题,牛头不对马嘴

  [例2]2018年全国Ⅰ卷

  But good news is that therere really only three kinds decisions...: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

  38 . Theyre the little spots of color like ...

  Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as...

  The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors ...

  D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with.

  E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces.

  我们可以通过第一段的最后一句,也是文章的主题句可知,这篇文章是总分结构,接下来二、三、四段就是分述这三种颜色的选择和运用。而第三、第四段的开头的主题句对应了the medium ones和the large ones,所以第二段也应该对应the small ones。而干扰项E中虽然有small 但not really a good idea则否定了第一段的主题句good news,偏离主题,甚至是与主题背道而驰,颇有牛头不对马嘴之嫌。故只有D项正确。

  (3)以偏概全,只见树木不见森林

  [例3]2017年全国Ⅰ卷

  The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctors bill for my sons food poisoning.

  C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.

  G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

  本空虽然位于本段第二句,但却是对下文的一个概括。前面的句子指出作者的朋友们带他参加了一次露营;后面的句子较详细地描写了那次露营的经历,且多是比较艰苦的体验,如睡在帐篷里、野炊、洗澡不方便等,本句应该是一个概括句,总体说明这次露营的状况。C项中的they与前面的friends对应,rough可以概括下句详细描写的这次露营的特征,所以是正确选项。而干扰项G则只与一个细节有相关性,而不能概括下文对露营各方面的描写,一叶障目,只见树木不见森林。

  2. 过渡句和细节句干扰项特征

  (1)瞻前不顾后

  [例4]2016年全国Ⅰ卷

  People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后)far behind code making.

  C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

  D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

  单纯从前一句看,选项C似乎也可以:人们使用密码已经有几千年了,只有知道关键词才能读懂信息。但是,如果根据空后的这一句则知道,这里应该选择一个能承上(use secret codes)启下(code breaking)的句子,才能前后連贯,语义衔接。只有选项D才能满足这两个条件。干扰项C明显犯了瞻前不顾后的错误。

  [例5]2019年全国Ⅰ卷

  Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). 38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.

  F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.

  G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

  干扰项F Just as importantly,... associate air with health care似乎完美地呼应了上一句的the connection between the natural world and healing,然而,根据下一句中提到的these places可以推知,该空应该提到表示地点的复数名词。只有G项Healing Gardens满足这一条件,故选项G正确:在全国,康复中心已经开始建造康复花园。these places就是指Healing Gardens。因此,干扰项F就属于典型的顾头不顾尾,从而不能成为正选项。

  (2)顾后不顾前

  [例6]2016年全国Ⅲ卷

  There are many common methods used to cook fish. 40

  First, clean it and season it with your choice of spices. Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound.(A large one will take more time.)then, its ready to serve.

  B. The easiest is to steam it.

  C. This is how you can do it.

  如果单纯从下文出发,选项C似乎也讲得通。然而,选项中This is how you can do it中的it指代上句中的哪个名词呢?显然,该选项属于顾后不顾前。设空处上文指出做鱼的方法有很多种,根据下文出现的steam可知此处讲述了清蒸的方法。而选项B中的easiest则很好地承接了上文,steam it则是对下文的综述。所以起到了承上启下的作用。

  (3)左右不逢源

  [例7]2017年全国Ⅱ卷

  If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 .If someone knocks and its not an important matter. Excuse yourself and let the person know youre busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed, youre not to be disturbed.

  C. Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes.

  G. Leave it open when youre available to talk and close it when youre not.

  这里,前一句的door是关键词。这一段主要讲述如何利用办公室的们,以避免忙时被打扰。上文指出,如果办公室有一扇门的话, 要充分利用。而门的利用无非两类:开着或关着。答案G选项则正好进一步解释了怎么make good use of it,而空后的一句也是进一步解释了开关门的意义。干扰项C则前后都不搭边,左右不逢源,完全就是来凑数的。

  (4)半真又半假

  [例8]2019年全国Ⅱ卷

  Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. 36 Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.

  F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.

  G. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

  選项F虽然也明确提到了motivation,甚至与上句话形成了递进或注释的关系,在逻辑上却不能承上启下,连接下一句。所以,命题人充分利用了“词语复现,但不合逻辑”这一陷阱,设置了这个“半真又半假”的干扰项。

  由设空处上句话Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin(动机和目标的设定是一件事情的两个方面)可知,动机和目标设定都很重要。根据设空处下句Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided可知,中间需要一个表示转折的句子:若没有动机……。故选G项。

  二、从句式特点来看

  纵观近几年高考,备选项的句式通常有四类:疑问句、祈使句、从句、陈述句。在设置干扰项的时候,命题人往往会参考正确选项的句式特点,所以基本上可以快速锁定干扰项再展开进一步的比对研究。一般而言,这些干扰项的特点有3个:

  1. 句式相同,但前言不搭后语

  [例9]2018年全国Ⅰ卷

  Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex.

  A. While all of them are useful

  C. If youre experimenting with a color

  首先,由文中空格后的逗号可知,这里需要填入的是一个从句,故锁定A和C两项。再看前文:在过去的许多年里,有许多技术帮助设计者实现这一要点;下文:它们有点复杂。所以A(尽管它们都很有用)承上启下,句中的them与后面主句中的they都指代前句中的techniques。而选项C(如果你在用颜色做实验)前言不搭后语,逻辑混乱。

  2. 句式相同,但内容南辕北辙

  [例10]2019年全国Ⅱ卷

  Imagine... Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.

  37 More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.

  B. So how should you motivate yourself?

  D. So why should we try to set specific goals?

  这两个选项都是特殊疑问句,且前面都有So来连接上一段内容,句式完全相同。据前一段的表述可知,这篇文章主要是介绍“动机的重要性”,这一段承接上一段;同时后一句意为“不止这样,怎样才能保持这种动机?”由表递进关系的标志词More than that可知,此处问的仍然是与动机有关,很可能是想问:怎样才能激发自己的动机?故选B项。而干扰项D则仅仅是句式相同,但内容则南辕北辙了。

  3. 句式相似,但形似而神不似

  [例11]2019年全国Ⅰ卷

  We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.” 36 According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

  B. So what are you waiting for?

  E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

  根据下一句中的“the answer is a big YES”可知,该空应该是一个一般疑问句,选项中只有E选项是一般疑问句。故排除另一个看起来形似,实则是另一种疑问句(特殊疑问句)的B项,然后得出正解E。当然,内容上,空前的people tell us to ...和选项中的“your mother always said”亦是呼应。所以此处命题者设置的干扰项很明显就属于:句式相似,但形似而神不似。

  三、有的放矢,排除干擾项

  1. 主旨句的解题对策

  对于文章主旨句的选择,我们要从整个语篇结构出发,综合各段的段落大意,得出最能概括文章大意的选项。而对于段落主旨句的选择,我们要做的是细读上下文的支撑句,在充分理解掌握文章或段落的大意的基础上,进行高度概括,切忌一叶障目或以偏概全。

  2. 过渡句和细节句的解题对策

  当遇到段中的选项,不管是过渡句还是细节句,要切记瞻前顾后、左顾右盼,逻辑通顺、语义完整,只有“左右逢源”、皆大欢喜了,才算求得正解。

  3. 从句式特点出发的解题对策

  针对句式相近或相同的干扰项,我们首先应该准确理解前后句或上下文的信息,然后认真比对句式的在形式和语义上的差异,通过逻辑分析、词语复现、代词指代等各种手段,二选一排除干扰,迅速锁定目标。

  四、结语

  在清楚了各种干扰项的特征之后,就犹如窥见了神秘面纱背后的真容,考生在充分理解语篇结构和文章内容的基础上,结合其他的解题技巧,很容易就可以对症下药、有的放肆,排除干扰,直奔“主题”,找到自己心目中的“dream answer”。

  李渊

……
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